Tesla 2020 Battery Day Transcript September 22

Al Prescott: (41:03) Good afternoon, everyone. Welcome to Tesla's 2020 Annual Meeting of Stockholders. We're really excited that you could be here with us today. My name is Al Prescott. I'm Tesla's vice president of legal. Al Prescott: (41:15) There'll be two parts of today's meeting. First, the former part of the meeting we'll get out of the way, which we'll cover the seven items that stockholders have been asked to vote on. After the voting, I'll introduce Tesla's co-founder and CEO, Elon Musk, who will give a presentation about the company update and year in review. And then following the conclusion of the stockholder meeting, we'll start our separate Battery Day event. Al Prescott: (41:40) At this time, I'd like to thank the members of the Tesla team and our board, especially those who were able to make it out here in person today, as well as to our representative from PricewaterhouseCoopers, Tesla's independent auditor who is also here. But before we begin, I'd like to introduce you to Robyn Denholm, the chairwoman of Tesla, who would like to say a few words remotely. Robyn Denholm: (42:12) Thank you, Al. Hello everyone and welcome to the 2020 Tesla Shareholder Meeting. A special welcome to the many Tesla shareholders that have joined us today in person as well as online from across the country and around the globe. Robyn Denholm: (42:29) I wanted to start today's proceedings by thanking you, our shareholders, for your tremendous support over the last year. And especially to those of you who have been with us through our journey over the past 10 years, since the company's IPO in 2010. While we have stayed true to our mission of accelerating the world's transition to sustainable energy, in many ways, our company has evolved beyond recognition over the past decade. And that is a great thing. In fact, the pace of developments and the evolution of Tesla has further accelerated over the past 15 months since I last addressed you in June of 2019. You'll hear more about many of the specific achievements from Elon later in the agenda. Robyn Denholm: (43:16) But I would like to take this opportunity to thank all of our Tesla employees across the globe who have done a tremendous job of executing and staying focused on delivering for our customers and shareholders, as the world has gone through one of the most challenging periods in our lifetimes. As a board, we have always taken a long-term view. We have made decisions and supported decisions made by the management team that may not have seemed obvious at the time, but are delivering and will continue to deliver breakthrough results. But it's also important to remember why we do this. As a company, we are focused on addressing one of the biggest environmental challenges of our generation, how to accelerate the world's transition to sustainable energy. Robyn Denholm: (44:08) The last year in particular has seen a tremendous increase in momentum in the movement to sustainable energy from both shareholders and the general public. So in addition to developing amazing clean transportation and energy products, we are doing our part by contributing the right facts and information to this important issue. And we released an extended version of our impact report in April of 2020. In issues version, we have covered in great detail, many areas that are important to our shareholders and our customers alike, such as our environmental impact, greenhouse and other noxious gas elimination, our supply chain efforts, especially in cobalt, and our culture and people focus. We hope that by continuing to put this data out there, we will underscore to the world the importance and impact that we are having as a company. Robyn Denholm: (45:09) Lastly, continuous feedback and input from our shareholders is essential for us to do our jobs. And I would like to thank you for your support in this regard. Many of you have provided me and the team with ideas and insights that we as a board take into consideration as we evolve our governance and company practices. It's especially crucial to the board members as we pride ourselves in adaptability and the diversity of thought and experience that we collectively represent on the board. Robyn Denholm: (45:41) This brings me to my final two things today, as today is his last shareholder meeting, on behalf of the board, I would like to sincerely thank Steve Jurvetson for over a decade of service to Tesla, the board, and our shareholders. You will be missed. Finally, I would like to introduce to you our newest member of the board, Hiro Mizuno, who until recently led the largest pension fund in the world. He brings a wealth of experience to the board, but let me hand over to Hiro to say a few words. Hiro ... Hiro Mizuno: (46:17) Thank you, Robyn. Ladies and gentlemen, welcome to Tesla Annual Shareholders Meeting. It is my real pleasure to virtually meet you, Tesla shareholders, people who believe in Tesla's mission and its growth opportunities. I spent all my career in finance and asset management in Tokyo, New York, London, and the Silicon Valley. Hiro Mizuno: (46:42) Until recently, I was a chief investment officer of GPIF $1.5 trillion Japanese public pension fund. And one of my priorities as the investment chief was to promote responsible investments, which aim to make financial returns while pursuing ESG agenda, such as environment and social issues. I believe in the market where ESG is becoming mainstream. Purpose or mission driven businesses will gain long-term investors support. Hiro Mizuno: (47:19) This is why I was interested in Tesla, where our mission is to accelerate the world's transition to sustainable energy. I'm very excited to join the Tesla team on the journey and hope that [inaudible 00:47:34] Tesla deliver what investors expect by further enhancing its environmental and social impact. Once again, Tesla shareholders, thanks for your support. I'm looking forward to seeing you in person next year. Thank you. Al Prescott: (47:54) Thanks Robyn and Hiro. I will now call the meeting to order. Please refer to the meeting agenda that has been provided to you and posted also to our virtual meeting site. The time is now 1:49 PM Pacific Time. And I declare that the polls are now open. Al Prescott: (48:12) We've already received voting proxies from stockholders over the past few weeks, meaning that almost all of the votes that will be counted were already submitted before the meeting. However, if you wish to vote now or to change your prior vote, you may do so through the virtual meeting site. For those that are here in person today, ballots and ballot boxes were available to you at check-in. Al Prescott: (48:37) Tesla's board of directors has appointed Computershare Trust Company to serve as inspector of elections for the meeting. Computershare has taken and signed an oath as inspector of election and has certified that starting on August 13th, 2020, the proxy material, or a notice of internet availability of the proxy material were mailed or provided to all Tesla stockholders of record as of July 31, 2020. Al Prescott: (49:04) We have a majority of the outstanding shares represented at the meeting. So I declare that there is now a quorum present and that we may proceed with the meeting. The items on the agenda are as follows; the election of three class one directors, Elon Musk, Robyn Denholm, and Hiromichi Mizuno to each serve for or term of three years. Two, to approve Tesla's executive compensation on an advisory basis. And three, to ratify the appointment of PricewaterhouseCoopers, LLP as Tesla's independent, registered public accounting firm for the fiscal year of 2020. Tesla's board has recommended that our stockholders vote for each of the director nominees and for each of those proposals. Al Prescott: (49:59) In addition, we have also received four stockholder proposals as described in the proxy statement. I would like to remind our stockholders that Tesla's board has prepared a statement in opposition to each of these proposals, which appear in the proxy. The first stockholder proposal is an advisory vote regarding paid advertising. Our board has recommended that our stockholders vote against this stockholder proposal. This stockholder proposal comes to us from James Danforth. Al Prescott: (50:33) However, Mr. Danforth has notified us that neither he nor his representative will be presenting the proposal at the meeting today. So we will continue. The second stockholder proposal is an advisory vote regarding simple majority voting and our governing documents. Our board has recommended that our stockholders vote against this stockholder proposal. The proposal comes from James McRitchie, who is on the line to present the proposal today. Mr. McRitchie, I would like to invite you now to present. You will have three minutes. James McRitchie: (51:14) I'd like to thank the board for holding such an innovative hybrid meeting during these difficult times. Proposal number five basically asks for a majority voting standard to amend bylaw. I first introduced a proposal on this subject at the 2014 Tesla meeting. Super majority provisions generally use to entrench incumbent directors and managers. Academic research finds that reducing such devices is associated with higher returns. James McRitchie: (51:46) The board's opposition statement argues they tried to adopt a [inaudible 00:51:51] party standard last year, but shareholders rejected it. However, 99.6% of shares voted for the proposal. Only 0.4% voted against it. The problem was that a little more than 35% of shares went unvoted. The vast majority of retail shareholders often don't bother to vote. Since only 65% of shares were voted, we didn't achieve the 66.67% necessary to overturn the current super majority bylaw. James McRitchie: (52:32) It appears the proposal failed primarily for three reasons. One, the board put forth less than robust arguments in favor. Two, they added confusion with another proposal to reclassify the board, not into a single class, that's the norm, but into two classes, elected in altering years. Third, the board also failed to make a substantial effort to solicit votes in favor. Also, please consider this proposal in context with other poor corporate governance provisions at Tesla. First, shareholders can only remove directors for cause. What that basically means is the director has to be caught in criminal activity for shareholders to remove them. Second, because the board is divided into three classes, shareholders can only hold individual directors accountable every three years. And third, shareholders cannot call special meetings, nor can they act by written consent. I hope you will agree. Corporations should not be democratic-free zones. Vote for proposal number five so that 33% of shares cannot overrule the wishes of 67%. Thank you. Al Prescott: (53:54) Thank you, Mr. McRitchie. We'll now move on to our third stockholder proposal, which is an advisory vote regarding reporting on employee arbitrations. Our board has recommended that our stockholders vote against this stockholder proposal. This proposal comes from Nia Impact Capital, whose representative Kelly Hull is on the line to present the proposal today. Ms. Hull, I'd like to invite you to go ahead and present. You will have three minutes. Dr. Kristin Hull: (54:28) Hello. My name is Dr. Kristin Hull, and I'm the founder and CEO of Nia Impact Capital. I formally move [inaudible 00:20:36]. This resolution requests that Tesla board of directors overseeing the preparation of a report on the impact of the use of mandatory arbitration on Tesla's employees and on its work place culture. The report will evaluate the association of Tesla's current use of arbitration with the prevalence of both harassment and discrimination in its workplace and on employee's ability to [inaudible 00:21:01], should harassment or discrimination occur. Dr. Kristin Hull: (55:05) This proposal speaks to the widespread experience of discrimination in the workplace by Black, Latinx, and female employees, despite this discrimination being unlawful under the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Tesla has faced a number of serious allegations of racism and sexism at its Buffalo and Fremont plant. Companies that allow bias discrimination and harassment in their workplaces are at risk for unnecessary legal brand financial and human capital issues. Dr. Kristin Hull: (55:36) Support of this resolution is warranted for the following five reasons. One, research shows that companies benefit from diverse and inclusive workplaces. Two, corporate policies that allow harassment and discrimination risk investors capital. Three, the use of arbitration exposes investors to an unknown level of risk. Four, broad concerns exist with respect to fair treatment in Tesla workplace. And Tesla employees have alleged harassment and discrimination on their basically both race and gender. [inaudible 00:56:13] Tesla, a company investors love for its innovation, leadership, and [inaudible 00:56:18] is increasingly lagging behind its peers in its [inaudible 00:56:22] related to workplace diversity, equity, and inclusion. Dr. Kristin Hull: (56:26) Unlike the forward thinking and innovation in its extraordinary product lines, Tesla has not challenged proactive leadership and building a positive company culture or in addressing concerns about its workplace practices. In these material issues, Tesla lags behind its technology and automotive competitors. Dr. Kristin Hull: (56:48) The use of arbitration limits employees remedy for wrongdoing, precludes employees from stewing in court, and often keeps underlying facts, misconduct or case outcomes secret, therefore preventing employees from learning about and acting on shared concerns. Dr. Kristin Hull: (57:05) Simply stated, arbitration allows that corporate behavior like bias, harassment, and discrimination to continue to keep hidden from employees and investors. To maintain Tesla's [inaudible 00:57:17], it is essential that the board seriously assess the implications of the use of arbitration and that Tesla begins to seriously the need to ensure a fair, equitable, positive, and inclusive workplace. Thank you. Al Prescott: (57:34) Thank you, Ms. Hull. Our fourth and final proposal is an advisory vote regarding reporting on human rights. Our board has recommended that stockholders vote against this proposal. This proposal comes to us from the Sisters of Good Shepherd, New York province, whose representative, Terrence Collingsworth is on the line to present today. Mr. Collingsworth, I would like to invite you to speak now. You have three minutes for your proposal. Terry Collingsworth: (58:09) Thank you. I'm Terry Collingsworth, executive director of the International Rights Advocates. I'm here representing the Sisters of Good Shepherd New York province to present item seven on human rights disclosure, which calls upon Tesla to issue a report to describe board oversight of human rights and its human rights due diligence process, including systems to provide meaningful remedies when human rights impacts occur. Terry Collingsworth: (58:40) Tesla faces serious human rights issues and failure to establish a culture of respect for human rights will expose Tesla to new liability issues and significant reputational injury, all of which will have a material impact on the company and its shareholders. The need to set a new course for human rights compliance at Tesla is glaring. Terry Collingsworth: (59:05) Here are five examples of human rights violations occurring now in Tesla's operations: racism, sexual harassment, and disregard for human safety and dignity harm workers at the Gigafactory 2 in Buffalo, New York, every single day. And those workers urge you to remember their experiences in your vote. Terry Collingsworth: (59:28) Tesla is experienced serious labor relations issues at its production facilities and is actively discouraging union organizing. Workers are being exposed to COVID-19 and then are facing retaliation when they ask for greater protections. There are numerous worker health and safety violations as well as wage and hour issues. Terry Collingsworth: (59:50) And finally, there are serious, even deadly, human rights violations occurring in Tesla's global supply chains. On this last issue, my organization brought the pending suit against Tesla for using cobalt mined in the Democratic Republic of Congo by young children. I personally met young boys who lost limbs or were paralyzed in cobalt tunnel collapses. Tesla sources cobalt from these very mines. And its claimed to have quote, "Zero tolerance for child labor," in its supplier code of conduct is simply not true. Tesla is not only tolerating child labor in its cobalt supply chain, it is tolerating the death and maiming of young child minors. Terry Collingsworth: (01:00:42) This demonstrates why the company must circle back and begin a process to report on its treatment of human rights issues as requested in this proposal. I think consumers will have zero tolerance for a company that is exposed as being indifferent to killing and maiming child minors. We are hopeful that Tesla's innovative spirit can be brought to bear on making human rights a priority at the company. Terry Collingsworth: (01:01:12) For example, if the Elon Musk cared about implementing a zero tolerance child labor policy, instead of having a useless paper policy, Tesla could employ satellites or drones at every mine it sources from to actually monitor child labor. I encourage all Tesla shareholders to vote for item seven, human rights disclosure. Thank you for your attention. Al Prescott: (01:01:40) Thank you Mr. Collingsworth. At this time, I'd like to thank our stockholders for all of their active participation in today's meeting and for those who just presented on the line. I'd also like to read some of the comments that have been submitted by you over the course of the meeting. The first comment comes from Michael [Overbaugh 00:01:02:01]. "I take great pride in the fact that we haven't had to stoop to the level of what advertising represents to get where we are today. I'd hate to give into that kind of temptation now, when we're so close to becoming a household name that's based solely on our merit alone. But if assets do end up having to be set aside for marketing, I'd like to suggest that rather than shoving ads down the customer's throat, we established some sort of hardcore nationwide campaign and event with the goal of getting as many people as possible behind the wheel of a Tesla for an introduction drive. It's well-known how far just doing that alone goes to converting people into fans." Al Prescott: (01:02:46) "A line I recently ran across says, 'You can talk all about the specs as much as you want, but when it comes to buying a car, what ultimately puts butts in seats is the feeling that the vehicle gives you.' By demonstrating that Tesla clearly has both the specs and the feeling, what more needs saying?" Al Prescott: (01:03:08) Our second comment comes from the United Steel workers on behalf of the Clean Air Now Coalition of Western New York by Sabrina Lu. And it reads as follows, "Proposal six and seven up for vote this year are the results of widespread concern about mistreatment of Tesla workers at US factories and across the supply chain. It is clear that Tesla is not interested in addressing the harm they have caused to their workers as their board is advising shareholders to vote against the proposal. We're urging all shareholders to vote in favor of proposal six and seven. And on behalf of our workers at the United Steelworkers here in Western New York and for Tesla employees across the country and across the global supply chain, while this doesn't repair the harm, that's already been caused to countless employees, nor repair harm to children and communities forced into slave labor in the DRC, they represent steps towards a more just workplace at Tesla." Al Prescott: (01:04:19) This concludes all of the comments. Thank you all for your participation in the comments. We'll now have a final opportunity for any of you to submit proxies in order for them to be counted. So I'll pause and wait for a moment for you to do that. Al Prescott: (01:04:51) Okay. I declare that the polls are now closed. So based on the proxies that we have previously received, I'd like to announce on a preliminary basis that our stockholders have approved the recommendations of Tesla's board on all agenda items, other than the stockholder proposal for an advisory vote regarding simple majority voting in our governing documents. After the final tabulation is completed, we'll formally announce the results of the voting by filing a form 8-K with the SEC within four business days of today. This now concludes the official business of Tesla's 2020 annual stockholders meeting, which is now adjourned. Al Prescott: (01:05:37) Next, we will have a company update and a year in review presented by Elon. And then we will start our Battery Day Event. During the course of those following sessions, we may discuss our business outlook and make forward looking statements. Such statements or predictions based on our current expectations. Actual events or results could materially differ due to a number of risks and uncertainties, including those disclosed in our most recent 10-Q filed with the SEC. These forward looking statements represent our views. As of today. They shouldn't be relied on after today and we disclaim any obligation to update them after today as well. Al Prescott: (01:06:23) We will now continue with the company update and year in review. And it's my pleasure to introduce Tesla co-founder and CEO, Mr. Elon Musk. Elon Musk: (01:06:45) Everyone. Well, I mean, this is definitely a new approach. We've got the Tesla drive in movie theater, basically. It's good to see everyone. It's a little hard to read the room with everyone being in cars, but it's the only way we can do it. So hopefully it's cool. And hopefully you can hear me. Can you guys hear me? Elon Musk: (01:07:08) Okay. All right. Great. Elon Musk: (01:07:12) Well, thanks for coming. I think it's been an incredible year and I'd like to just thank you for your support through tough times, good times. It's been great. Really appreciate everyone who's put their heart and money into Tesla and I think it's worked out pretty well. This has been a good year. And I think there's many good years to come. So I'll go through the shareholder presentation fairly quickly because the real main event here is Battery Day. And really, I'm just going through a recap of what's happened over the past a year or so. Elon Musk: (01:07:58) I think starting from in terms of our ability to create a ... Elon Musk: (01:08:03) In terms of our ability to create a factory, huge kudos to the Tesla Shanghai team for being able to go from literally a dirt pile to volume production in 15 months. It's like, damn. Yeah. And I think something that's really quite noteworthy here is Tesla's the only foreign manufacturer to have a hundred percent owned factory in China. So this is often not well understood or not appreciated, but to have the only hundred percent owned foreign factory in China is a really big deal, and it's paying huge dividends here. So we really wouldn't have the results that we have had this year without the great efforts of the Tesla China team, so I'm super appreciative of that, and we'll see the Shanghai factory continue to scale quite a bit from where it is right now. I think we really could expect that to be, over time, a factory that produces over a million vehicles a year. Elon Musk: (01:09:16) Yeah, it's cool. So let's see. So we also reached in the past year of volume production of the Model Y, and this was the smoothest launch that we've ever had, so I think we're definitely getting better at a new vehicle launches and building factories and scaling production. As you've heard me say before, the hardest thing is scaling production, especially of a new technology. It's insanely difficult. Making a prototype is relatively easy, and if I think, like, what is the real achievement of Tesla in sort of car company terms, it's like it wasn't making sort of exciting prototypes. It was that Tesla was really the first company in about a century in the U.S., the first U.S. company in the U.S. to reach volume production and be sustainably profitable. The crazy thing is this has really not happened in a hundred years. That's the actual super hard part, and we now have four vehicles in volume production, S3XY. Also, the toughest joke I think maybe ever. It was a very difficult joke to make. Elon Musk: (01:10:38) So we also introduced the lowest cost solar in the U.S. It's only a dollar 49 a watt, and we really just simplified the whole value chain, so reduced sales and advertising, got rid of a bunch of unnecessary costs, and really are just relying upon the fact that it's just the lowest cost, most efficient solar in the U.S., providing both a retrofit and the solar glass roof, which I think is a really great product. A hard product to make work, but it will be a major pipeline in the future. Elon Musk: (01:11:13) And we also got four consecutive quarters of gap profitability, which was very difficult. Yeah. And certainly a testament to the hard work of people at Tesla. I mean, to do this in extremely difficult times against a wide range of adverse circumstances was insanely hard, but we got it done, and I think the future is looking I think, very promising from a sort of an annual profitability standpoint. So in order to sort of do well financially, you really need economies of scale, and you need ideally the best technology, and I think we've had the best technology for a while, but now we are also achieving economies of scale, and we're also rapidly improving autonomy, which is a massive value add to each car. So, I think the value of Tesla is going to be like total, just on the vehicle side, total vehicles produced times the value of autonomy. That's a way to think about the future value of Tesla. Elon Musk: (01:12:35) We also have consistent free cashflow generation. This is really important for growth, and a key element here is tightening up the time from when a car is ordered to when it is built and delivered. So for a company that is growing rapidly, it's extremely important to tighten the supply chain and to have, from when parts arrive, put it into a car very quickly and deliver the car very quickly to the customer. And if you can do that inside soft of your payables timeline, then the faster you grow, the more cash you have. Or conversely, if you're unable to do it within your payables timeline, the faster you grow, the less money you will have, which is obviously bad for capital intensive situation. So just tightening up and having the parts move very quickly to the factory, put it in a car, get it to a customer makes a massive difference to cashflow generation. Elon Musk: (01:13:34) I mean, that's why it's extremely important to have a factory in each continent, because if you don't at least have a factory in the continent, it isn't impossible to achieve this. So having a factory in China, that's able to serve China, and then soon many other countries in the region will be key to us tightening that total sort of chain of cashflow, and essentially the faster we grow, the more cash. This is really important. That's also why it's important to have Giga Berlin complete, because then we'll have a factory in China, a factory in the U.S. and soon a second factory in the U.S. in Austin, and a factory in Europe. Elon Musk: (01:14:18) I mean, even if for Giga Texas in Austin, even if we had exactly the same cost as in California, it would still be advantageous to do it there because it's roughly two-thirds of the way across the U.S., so in terms of delivering cars to the central U.S. and to the East Coast, it's just faster, it costs less, and it fundamentally improves our economics. So I think this is also maybe something that's not fully appreciated of just how important it is to have a factory at least on the continent or reasonably close to where the end customers is, so you can tighten that whole chain. Elon Musk: (01:14:56) Industry performance. While the rest of industry is, has gone down, Tesla has gone up, I think this speaks to ... Thanks. And so I'd like to thank all the customers for taking a chance on Tesla and buying our product and really hope you're enjoying it. This is really, our sales, as [inaudible 01:15:21] was saying, it really grew by word of mouth, so this is really, I think it's very pure in the sense that it's growing on the basis of existing owners recommending it to others to new customers. This is, really, I think, a good way to grow. Elon Musk: (01:15:40) So, and then in 2019 we had 50% growth, and I think we'll do really pretty well in 2020. Probably somewhere between 30-40% growth, despite a lot of very difficult circumstances. I mean, there's so many. Pandemic, the wildfires. It's a whole bunch of difficult production issues, but thanks to the hard work of the Tesla team and a lot of innovative approaches to overcoming issues, we're able to still see significant growth in one of the most difficult. In fact, I'd say probably the most difficult year of Tesla's existence. Elon Musk: (01:16:25) We also published our extended impact report. At Tesla, we try very hard to do the right thing. If what I think does not happen, it's just because we maybe made a mistake or weren't aware of it, but we always try to do the right thing to the best of our ability, and then we published the extended impact report to show just a self-examination of, okay, what are we doing, right? What are we doing wrong? What can we do better in the future? We're definitely trying to accomplish the most good, and so if we occasionally make a mistake, we work quickly to fix it and do the right thing. So it's worth looking at the average life cycle of emissions in the U.S. and just how much better a Tesla is or electric car than any kind of gasoline car, and what we'll talk about in the Battery Day is also just how much the grids around the world, and actually especially in the U.S., are greening. It's actually much faster than I think people realize, the U.S. is moving towards sustainable energy. And so as we move more and more to sustainable energy, then effectively you end up building the solar factories and the car factories themselves with solar or with sustainable energy. Over time, you will even mine with sustainable energy, and eventually it will get to an effective emissions of zero, so that's where things will end up. Yeah. Elon Musk: (01:17:59) So we also have safety at the core of our design. The Tesla cars are the safest cars ever designed. We have the lowest probability of injury of any cars ever tested by the U.S. government, And that's just passive safety. When you add active safety into that, it's even better, so it's really ... If safety is important to you, which obviously it is, the safest car you could drive is a Tesla. So I think some people aren't aware of this, but it's really safety is paramount. It is actually the number one design objective when we build a Tesla is safety. Elon Musk: (01:18:41) Our factories are also becoming safer, and if you look at the sort of accidents per vehicle, total vehicle made it's dramatically better than in the past, and it's already better than industry average, and we're confident we can get it to the best in the auto industry. Autopilot functionality continues to improve, and you can see it in the safety report that we publish every quarter. It's just getting better and better. The U.S. average for collisions is at roughly 2.1 per million miles, and with autopilot engaged, it's 0.3. I mean, this is a profound difference, really massive, and this will get even better. So we're confident that over time we can get the probability of an accident, especially the probability of injury, to 10 times better than the industry average, like an order of magnitude better. So that's just a lot of lives saved and a lot of injuries avoided, so that's a huge priority for us. Elon Musk: (01:19:50) Yeah, the autopilot front, I think it's hard for people to judge the progress of autopilot. I'm driving ... As a matter of course, I've always done this. I drive the bleeding edge alpha build of autopilot, and so I sort of have insight into what is going on. Previously about a couple of years ago, we were kind of stuck in a local maximum, so we're improving, but the improvements kind of started tailing off and just not getting where they needed to be. I call this sort of getting trapped in a local maximum, and so we had to do a fundamental rewrite of the entire autopilot software stack and all of the labeling software as well. Elon Musk: (01:20:40) So we are now labeling in 3D video, so this is hugely different from the previously where we were labeling essentially a bunch of single images from the eight cameras, and they would be labeled at different times by different people, and some of the labels, you literally can't tell what it is you're labeling. So it basically made it sort of in some cases impossible to label, and the labels had a lot of errors. Now with our new labeling tools, we label it in video, so we actually label entire video segments in the system, so you get basically a surround video thing to label with the surround video and with time. So it's now taking all cameras simultaneously and looking at how the image has changed over time and labeling that, and then the sophistication of the neural nets in the car and the overall logic in the car has improved dramatically. Elon Musk: (01:21:44) I think we'll hopefully release a private beta of autopilot, of the full self-driving version of autopilot in, I think, a month or so, and then people will really understand just the magnitude of the change. It's profound. So, yeah. Anyway, so you'll see it. It's just like a hell of a step change, but because we had to rewrite everything, labeling software, just the entire code base, it took us quite a while. The sort of new ... I call it like 4D in the sense that it's three dimensions plus time. It's just taken us a while to rewrite everything, and so you'll see what it's like. It's amazing. Yeah. It's just clearly going to work. Elon Musk: (01:22:42) At Tesla, the core competencies, we've got engineering, obviously, but also manufacturing. I think manufacturing is underappreciated in general, and the difficulty of designing the machine that makes the machine is vastly harder than the machine itself. So the designing, like making a Model 3 or Model Y or Cybertruck truck prototype is really quite trivial compared to designing the factory that makes it, especially if it's new technology, and you want to use new manufacturing methods. It's just at least 10 to 100 times harder to do the factory than the prototype, and that's why you see a lot of companies out there or startups they'll bring out a prototype, but they just can't get it over the hump for who manufacturing, because manufacturing of new technology especially is the hardest thing by fa. Basically, the prototype is at best 10% of the difficulty and probably closer to 1%. Elon Musk: (01:23:50) And then software. Tesla is both a hardware and a software company, so a huge percentage of our engineers are actually software engineers, and you can think of our car as kind of like a laptop on wheels, so software is incredibly important. Actually, not just in the car, but also in the factory. So the factory software is extremely important. Just software in general. I mean, these are fundamental. These are the three critical areas that are needed to make for an awesome company. So, yeah. Elon Musk: (01:24:29) So we have ... Now we'll soon have three new factories incremental on ... Well, we have one already. On three different continents. Shanghai, we're expanding the Shanghai with the second phase. Berlin is making rapid progress, and Texas is making even faster progress. So, yeah. With each factory, what we're trying to do is also improve the manufacturing technology, so in some cases like the Model Y made in Berlin might look the same, but it actually is made in a much more efficient way. Yeah, we'll talk about that later in the battery presentation. Elon Musk: (01:25:15) Yeah, we launched Megapack. It's three megawatt hours all in one energy storage solution, so it's been great overall. Yeah. All right. And I think that's basically it, right? All right, thank you. All right. Well, thanks, everyone, for coming, and we'll be back in a little bit to go through the battery stuff, and there's a little bit more. In addition to the battery stuff, we've got a few extras as well. So I think you'll really like what we have to say on batteries. Elon Musk: (01:25:53) The battery stuff we're going to talk about is truly revolutionary and essential to Tesla's goal. The fundamental good of Tesla, it's like, if you look back in history and say, "What good did Tesla do?" The good will by how many years did we accelerate sustainable energy? That's the true metric of success. It matters if sustainable energy happens faster or slower, and so that's really how I think about Tesla and how we should assess our progress. By how many years did we accelerate sustainable energy? And what we're going to talk about with batteries and a few other things will really explain how we're going to make a step change improvement in the acceleration of sustainable energy. Thank you. [inaudible 00:18:44]. Speaker 1: (01:26:50) Hi, folks. That was great. We're going to take a short break before we begin the Battery Day event, so stay tuned. If you're local and here in the audience today, you can feel free to get out of the cars and stretch your legs, but try to stay near the cars, because we're going to begin properly in a little bit. See you soon. (silence). Elon Musk: (01:27:06) [inaudible 01:40:28]. Drew Baglino: (01:40:32) Hello, everyone. Elon Musk: (01:40:37) Great. Should you start? Drew Baglino: (01:40:38) Sure. Thanks, Elon. Hi. I'm Drew Baglino, SVP of Powertrain and Energy Engineering at Tesla, and I'm incredibly excited to talk about what we've been doing with batteries here at Tesla. Elon Musk: (01:40:48) Great. So let's see. You've got the clicker? Drew Baglino: (01:40:53) I've got the clicker, yeah. Elon Musk: (01:40:54) Okay. Let's ... Yeah. I'll take it at first, perhaps. Drew Baglino: (01:40:57) Sure. Elon Musk: (01:40:58) So obviously the issues we're facing are very serious with climate change, and we're experiencing these issues on a day-to-day basis. It's incredibly important that we accelerate the advent of sustainable energy. Time really matters. This presentation is about accelerating the time to sustainable energy. Elon Musk: (01:41:23) So the past five years were the hottest on record. We have what looks like a wall for CO2 PPM. It's obviously ... This time is not like the past. It's really important that we take action. Running this climate experiment is insane, so ... Drew Baglino: (01:41:46) Especially when it's just a transitory one, anyway. Elon Musk: (01:41:49) Yes. Drew Baglino: (01:41:50) We're going to run out of these fossil fuels. Let's just move to the future and not run this experiment any longer. Yeah. Elon Musk: (01:41:55) Talk a bit louder. Drew Baglino: (01:41:56) You got it. Elon Musk: (01:41:57) Okay. So anyway, there is a lot of good ... Elon Musk: (01:42:03) There is a lot of good news though. A lot of people may not be aware that that wind and solar comprise 75% of new electricity capacity in the US this year. So this is really major. So the grid is going sustainable very quickly. Now, it's also worth noting that the length of time that power plants lasts is on the order of 25 years. So even if a hundred percent of energy generation was sustainable, it will still take 25 years to convert the grid. And it's also worth noting that in the past 10 years, power production from coal has dropped in half. So it went from 46% of electricity in 2010 to 23% in 2020. So this is a massive improvement. So good things are happening on a lot of levels. We just need to go faster. Elon Musk: (01:43:06) So Tesla's contribution, we've delivered over a million electric vehicles, 26 billion electric miles driven, and many gigawatt hours of stationary batteries, 17 terawatt hours of solar generated. So I think solar is sometimes underweighted at Tesla, but it is a massive part of our future. The three parts of a sustainable energy future are sustainable energy generation, storage, and electric vehicles. So we intend to play a significant role in all three. So to accelerate the transition to sustainable energy, we must produce more EVs that need to be affordable and a lot more energy storage, while building factories faster and with far less investment. So goal number one is a terawatt hour scale battery production. So tera is the new giga. And a terawatt is a thousand times more than a gigawatt. So we used to talk in terms of gigawatts, in the future, we'll be talking in terms of terawatt hours. So this is what's needed in order to transition the world to sustainability. Drew Baglino: (01:44:24) Yeah, and you can see it's... We're talking about a hundred X growth in batteries for electric vehicles to achieve this mission. And we are going to get there. It's just a matter of how fast. And our intention is to accelerate it. Elon Musk: (01:44:38) Yeah, you basically need on the order of roughly 10 terawatt hours a year of battery production to transition the global fleet of vehicles to electric. Drew Baglino: (01:44:48) And the average vehicle lasts 15 years. So we're talking about 150 terawatt hours give or take to transition the whole electric, all vehicles of all types, to electric. Elon Musk: (01:45:00) Yeah. So it's a lot of batteries, basically. And so- Drew Baglino: (01:45:07) Yeah. And then on the grid side, we have a similar mountain to climb, 1600 times growth from today's grid batteries to go a hundred percent renewable on the grid and to take all of the existing heating fossil fuel uses in homes and businesses, a hundred percent electric. Elon Musk: (01:45:24) Yeah. And this number I think might grow even more. As the world economy matures, and as countries with high populations industrialize, we could see this number be even more. But let's say it's like roughly 20 to 25 terawatt hours per year sustained for 15 to 25 years to transition the world to renewable. This is a lot. Drew Baglino: (01:45:53) Yeah. Elon Musk: (01:45:55) So today's batteries cannot scale fast enough. They're just too small. For Giga Nevada, 150 gigawatt hours per year is what we probably expect to make out of there. But this is really pretty small in the grand scheme of things. That's only 0.15 terawatt hours. And it costs too much. Drew Baglino: (01:46:16) We would need 135 fully built out in Nevada Giga factories to achieve 20 terawatt hours a year. It's not scalable enough of a solution. We need a dramatic rethink of the cell manufacturing system to scale as fast as we can and should. Elon Musk: (01:46:32) Yeah, and I think we should view this as more than just a question of money. Money is sort of an ethereal thing, but it's really the amount of effort. You have a certain amount of effort in terms of people and machines, and depending on how efficient that effort is, for a given amount of effort, you want the most amount of batteries. So it's not just the question of well, if we have $2 trillion, tomorrow you could make this. It's not that easy. You actually need to organize a massive number of people, build a lot of machines, build the machines that make the machines. And so it's incredibly important to have that effort yield the most number of batteries. Elon Musk: (01:47:16) So, and then goal two, obviously we need to make more affordable cars. I think one of the things that troubles me the most is that we don't yet have a truly affordable car, and that is something that we will make in the future. But in order to do that, we've got to get the cost of batteries down. We've got to make, and we've got to be better at manufacturing. And we need to do something about this curve. The curve of the cost per kilowatt hour of batteries is not improving fast enough. So we've given this a lot of thought over many years to say, okay, how can we radically improve the cost per kilowatt hour curve? It's been somewhat flattening out actually in recent years. Drew Baglino: (01:48:02) Yeah. I mean, early growth was promising, but you can see we're kind of plateauing. So that's what's motivating us to rethink how cells are produced and designed. Elon Musk: (01:48:10) Yeah, exactly. So yeah. And EV market share is growing, but EVs still aren't accessible to all. And you can see, as you Drew were saying, it's like starting to flatten out a little bit because the rate of improvement of the affordability of cars is just not fast enough. So that's why we've got Battery Day. Drew Baglino: (01:48:33) Yeah. To make the best cars in the world, we designed vehicles in factories from the ground up. Next. And now we do this for batteries as well. Elon Musk: (01:48:45) Yeah. It's weird, the slides don't show up quite right here. What shows up on the screen is not quite what shows up there. Drew Baglino: (01:48:55) Oh, okay. Elon Musk: (01:48:56) It's different. Drew Baglino: (01:48:57) Yeah. I think it's because that's... Yeah. Elon Musk: (01:48:59) That one's current, supposed to be current. Whatever. Drew Baglino: (01:49:02) So let's get started. We have a plan to have the cost per kilowatt hour. And it's not a plan that rests on a single innovation, some research project that will never see the light of day. It's a plan that has taken creative engineering and industrialization across every facet of what makes a cell into a battery pack, from raw material to the finished thing. And we're going to go through that plan with you today, step-by-step, and build up how we get to these goals and how we accelerate this transition and make our vehicles and our grid batteries more affordable. Elon Musk: (01:49:45) Yeah. I mean, we basically thought through every element of the battery, or almost every element. There are a few more elements that we won't get to today, but we will get to in the future. Drew Baglino: (01:49:53) Yes. So first before we get too far into it, let's talk about what is in a battery cell. We've got the cap and the can, negative and positive terminals of the cell. When you open that cell, you've got a tab connected to those terminals, what we call the jelly roll, which is the wound electrodes on the inside. You can actually see what this looks like as you unwind it. This is over a meter long in a typical 2170 cell. So it's quite a long winding process. And you can see the tab still there. And then to explain what's actually going on here, we've identified, we've got anode, cathode, separator, positive and negative terminal. Drew Baglino: (01:50:37) Watch what happens as we, there we go, discharge the cell. Got lithium moving from anode to cathode. And then the reverse when we charge the cell, lithium moving from cathode to anode across the separator. This is the basic of what makes all lithium-ion batteries, no matter what the form factor is. And when we look at what's happened today, at least in our products, we've moved from the 18650 form factor to the 2170 form factor through great collaboration with our partners, Panasonic, new partners like LG and CATL and probably others in the future. Elon Musk: (01:51:20) Actually, slight note on why is the one called 18650, although not on the slide, versus the 2170, is that the first two digits refer to the diameter, and the second two digits refer to the length. So that helps explain what's up with these weird numbers. But nobody could explain to me why there was an extra zero. So I, so I said, "Okay, well, we're deleting the zero that nobody can explain in future form factors." So that's why it's technically, it's like the 18650 bizarrely, but going forward it's the 2170, because we just got rid of the extra zero because it's pointless. Drew Baglino: (01:51:56) And this was a evolutionary step going from 1865 to 2170, bringing 50% more energy into the cell. But when we look to the ideal cell design, if we were to do it ourselves, we need to go beyond just what we're looking at us in front of us and study the full spectrum of options. So as you can see, we kind of swept the key figures of merit, how much we can reduce the cost and how much vehicle range increases as we change the outer diameter of the cell. We found a sweet spot somewhere around 46 millimeters. But it's not just about a bigger form factor. Anybody could make a bigger form factor. Elon Musk: (01:52:37) Any fool, any fool could make a bigger form factor. Are we not any fool? Drew Baglino: (01:52:42) Yeah, exactly. There are problems as you make cells larger. In fact, supercharging and thermals in general become really challenging as you make bigger cells. And this was the challenge that our team set our sights on to overcome. And we did, we came up with this tabless architecture that maybe you've heard about, that basically removes the thermal problem from the equation and allows us to go to the absolute lowest cost form factor and the simplest manufacturing process. And this is what we mean when we talk about tabless. It's kind of a beautiful thing. Elon Musk: (01:53:22) Yeah. That's what these t-shirts mean, but it's very esoteric. It was like, nobody could figure it out. Drew Baglino: (01:53:26) Yeah, we basically took the existing foils, laser pattered them, and enabled dozens of connections into the active material through this shingled spiral you can see with simpler manufacturing, fewer parts, 50 millimeter versus 250 millimeter electrical path length, which is how we get all the thermal benefits. Elon Musk: (01:53:46) Yeah. This is important to appreciate. Basically the distance that that electron has to travel, it's just much less. So you actually have a shorter path length in a large tabless cell than you have in the smaller cell with tabs. This is a big deal. So even though the cell is bigger, it actually has more power. The power to weight ratio is actually better than the smaller cell with tabs. This is, again, this is quite hard to do it. Nobody's done it before and it really took a tremendous amount of effort within Tesla engineering to figure out how do we make a frigging tabless cell and have it actually work and then connect that to the top cap. There's a whole bunch of things that we're keeping a little secret sauce here that we're not telling everything, but- Drew Baglino: (01:54:40) Sometimes what's elegant and simple is still hard. And it took us a lot of trials, but we're happy where we ended up. Elon Musk: (01:54:46) Yeah. I mean, everything is simple in recollection, after you... it's hard until it's discovered and then it's simple. So anyway, there's a lot of really cool things going on that enable tabless. And it was really due to a really great engineering team. Drew and the rest of the team had done amazing work in achieving this tabless construction. I think it may sort of sound a bit silly to some people, but for people that really know cells, this is a massive breakthrough. Drew Baglino: (01:55:19) For cylindricals to be able to get rid of the tabs dramatically simplifies winding and coding. And has an awesome thermal and performance benefit. Elon Musk: (01:55:28) Yeah. Just to elaborate on that a bit, it's like when the cell is going through the system, it has to keep stopping where all the tabs are. So you can't do a continuous motion production if you have tabs. You have to keep stopping and then there's a rate at which you can start and stop and accelerate again and it really slows down the rate of production. And then sometimes you get the tabs wrong and you also lose a little bit of active area. It's really a huge pain in the ass to have tabs from a production standpoint. Drew Baglino: (01:56:03) Yes. And so when we put it all together and go to our new 80 millimeter length, 4680 we call this a new cell design, we get five times the energy with six times the power and enable 16% range increase, just form factor alone. Elon Musk: (01:56:23) Yeah. So these... Yeah. It's pretty great. And just to clarify, when we see these plus 16% or whatever the percentage rate increase is, these are the amounts due just to that particular innovation. So we'll list a whole bunch of innovations and then when you add them up, you get a total improvement in energy density and cost. But these numbers are what refer to just this thing. Drew Baglino: (01:56:56) Yeah. And I want to stress, this is not just a concept or a rendering. We're starting to ramp up manufacturing of these cells at our pilot 10 gigawatt hour production facility, just around the corner. Elon Musk: (01:57:08) Yeah. So. Yeah. It's a video of some of what's going on in the plant. Now. I mean, to be clear, it will take about a year to reach the 10 gigawatt hour capacity. So this is important to appreciate. When you build a factory, there's a certain capacity that you design to, and then it takes some period of time to actually achieve that capacity. So I would say it's probably about a year before we get to the 10 gigawatt hour annualized rate with the pilot plant. And this is just a pilot plant. The actual production plants will be more on the order of maybe 200 gigawatt hours, maybe more over time. Drew Baglino: (01:58:00) And... Thank you. But let's stack up everything we just saw at the cell level. So just the cell form factor change enables a 14% dollar per kilowatt hour reduction, just that cell form factor change. And now that you've been teased on this factory, we're going to go on and walk step-by-step through that factory and discuss a series of innovations there. When thinking about the ideal cell factory, we have inspirations behind us in the paper and bottling industry, where from humble beginnings, over a century of innovation has enabled mass scale, continuous motion, unbelievably low manufacturing costs. And when we think about the lithium-ion industry, which is really only in its third decade of high volume production, it has so far to go to achieve similar scale and simplicity. And that was the inspiration that we set out to the team as we thought about how to marry cell design and manufacturing in the best possible factory. Drew Baglino: (01:59:05) And let's talk a little bit about what's in a cell factory. First, there's an electrode process where the active materials are coated into films onto foils. Then those coated foils are wound in the winding process we just talked about where if you do have tabs, you have to start and stop a lot. Then the jelly roll is assembled into the can, sealed, filled with electrolyte, and then sent to formation where the cell is charged for the first time and where the sort of the electrochemistry is set and the quality of the cell is verified. And we set out at every step of this process to try to take that inspiration we just showed and think about how we make those processes fundamentally better and more scalable. And one of the most important processes is where it all begins, the wet process of the electrode coding. And just to give you all a sense of scale, I'm going to walk through what's in that wet process. Drew Baglino: (02:00:09) You've got mixing where the powders are mixed with either a water or a solvent, solvents for the cathode. That mix then goes into a large coat and dry oven where the slurry is coated onto the foil, huge ovens, tens of meters long, dried, and that solvent then has to be recovered. You can see the solvent recovery system. And then finally the coated foil is compressed to the final density. And when you're looking at this, you're like, wow, that's a lot of equipment for one step, especially when you consider that little spec next to the coating oven is a person. This is serious iron involved in making batteries. Wouldn't it be great if we could skip that solvent step, which is one of those dig a ditch, and then fill it kind of things where you put the solvent in and then take it out and recycle it, and just go straight to a dry mix to coat? And that's what the dry process really is about. And in the most basic form, you can see it here on a benchtop, literally powder into film, as simple as that. Elon Musk: (02:01:25) I mean, it's hard actually, just to be clear. If this was easy, everyone would do it. It's not like dry coating electrode is actually easy. It's actually very hard to do what appears to be a simple thing. And it's worth noting, we did acquire Maxwell a little over a year ago, I guess, and certainly a good company and everything, but the dry coating they had was like, it's like sort of, I would call proof of concept. Since the acquisition. We've actually ramped the machine that does dry coating four times. So revision full post acquisition of the machine, and there's still a lot of work to do. So I would not say this is completely in the bag. It's still a lot of work to do. And as you grow, as you scale, go from benchtop to lab to pilot to volume production, there are actually major issues that you encounter at every level. It's not like you make something work on your bench and bingo, now you can make a bazillion of it. Drew Baglino: (02:02:26) Absolutely. Elon Musk: (02:02:26) It's insanely difficult to scale up. Yeah. Drew Baglino: (02:02:31) Yeah, but if you do scale it up, what you saw before becomes this. So you can see the motivation. A 10 times reduction in footprint, a 10 times reduction in energy and a massive reduction in investment. But as Elon was saying, simple is hard. Elon Musk: (02:02:48) Yeah. I mean, to be clear, I would like to not say that right now, it just totally working. It's close to working, but it's not, even now at the pilot plant level, it is close to working. It's fair to say probably it does work, but with not a good, not a high yield. Drew Baglino: (02:03:07) Yeah. We're still ironing out the kinks, but we've made tens of thousands of cells, thousands of kilometers of electrode. I mean, we are on the fourth generation of the equipment so we've learned a lot along the way. I mean, it is super demanding because every atom has its place if you want to deliver the energy density and the cycle life and the supercharging. But we're confident that we will get there, but it will be a lot of work along that. Elon Musk: (02:03:29) There's a clear path to success, but a ton of work between here and there. But this is a really profound improvement. Again, for people that know battery manufacturing, this is gigantic. We'll probably be on machine revision six or seven by the time we do large scale production. The rate at which the machines are being improved is extremely rapid. Literally every three or four months, there's a new rev. Drew Baglino: (02:03:55) Yeah. And beyond the electrode, we continue to innovate on every other process steps. So let's talk a little bit about assembly, which is next. The key to a high-performing assembly line is accomplishing processes while in motion, continuous motion. And thinking of the line as a highway, max velocity down the highway, no start and stop, no city driving. Elon Musk: (02:04:24) Exactly, no stop lights and traffic lights sort of thing. You want the highway. Drew Baglino: (02:04:28) You want the highway. And together with our internal design team that makes this equipment and designs this equipment, we coupled thinking about how to make the best cell with thinking about how to make the best equipment so that we could accomplish the fastest parts per minute rates on all of these tools. And through all of that development, we were able to get to the point where we can implement assembly lines, one line, 20 gigawatt hours, seven times increase in output per line. And when you're thinking about scalability and pure effort, having one line be seven X the capability is just effort multiplying. Elon Musk: (02:05:10) Yeah. So you can sort of think about the sort of the fundamental physics of a factory or something. I think it's actually quite a lot like the rocket equation where you've got basically the rocket equation you've got your exhaust velocity and then the log of [end 02:05:24] masses. So it's basically saying how fast are things going and what percentage of the factory volume is doing useful work? And conveyance does not count as useful work. Drew Baglino: (02:05:34) Only the value added steps. Elon Musk: (02:05:37) Yeah. If you break the factory down into cubic meter sections and say... or smaller. Could be like one liter sections, and say, "Is a majority of this volume of doing useful work?" You'd be astounded at how bad most factories are. They'd be like maybe two or 3%, including our factory in Fremont. So I think it's possible to get to at least 10 times that of volumetric efficiency. So more like 30%ish, maybe more, and be 10x better, which means the factory can be 10 times smaller. And then the other thing is how fast are things going through the factory? It's like speed and density. A factory that's moving at say twice the speed of another factory is equivalent to two factories basically. And the company that will be successful is the company that with one factory can accomplish what other companies take two or three or four factories to do. So this is what we're trying to do here is say, okay, how do we, with one factory achieve what maybe five or even 10 factories would normally be required to achieve? Drew Baglino: (02:06:43) And the vertical integration with the machine design teams at Grohmann and Hibar and others allows us to really accomplish that because we don't have any of these edge conditions between one piece of equipment and another, we can design the entire machine to be one machine and remove all of these unnecessary steps. Elon Musk: (02:07:03) Yeah. I mean, basically Tesla is aiming to be the best at manufacturing of any company on Earth. This is the thing that's actually most important in the long run I think, just from a company standpoint and from basically achieving sustainability as fast as possible. But I think also for long-term competitiveness, eventually every car company will have long range electric cars. Eventually every company will have autonomy, I think, but not every company will be a great at manufacturing. Tesla will be absolutely head and shoulders above anyone else in manufacturing, that is our goal. Drew Baglino: (02:07:44) Manufacturing is hard and hard problems are fun to solve. Okay. Now let's talk about formation. In a typical cell factory, formation represents 25% of the investment. And what is formation? Is it's charging and discharging cells and verifying the quality of the cell. It turns out we've charged and discharged billions and billions of cells in our vehicles so we know a thing or two about that. The typical formation set up is you charge and discharge each cell individually. In our car, we charge thousands of cells at once. And we took our principal and our power electronics, leveraging Powerwall vehicle battery management systems and others to dramatically improve the formation equipment cost-effectiveness and density. 86% reduction in formation investment, 75% reduction in footprint. You want to take this one? Elon Musk: (02:08:43) Sure. So essentially what this translates to based on what we know today is about a 75% reduction in the investment per kilowatt hour. Or gigawatt hour. It's just basically four times better than the current state of the art to the best of our knowledge. And I think there's probably room to improve even beyond that. Drew Baglino: (02:09:04) Definitely. Elon Musk: (02:09:05) Definitely. Yeah. So we're able to, from a volume standpoint, actually get what, in a smaller form factor than Giga Nevada, we're able to get many times the cell output. So you can see basically we can get a terawatt hour in less space than it took to make a gigawatt hour, 150 gigawatt hours. So this is pretty profound. I would actually not have thought this was possible several years ago, that we could actually get to a terawatt scale in less space than what we currently envisioned for doing 150 gigawatt hours. Drew Baglino: (02:09:48) Yes. Simpler accelerates terawatt scale. And that's what we need to do to accelerate our mission. And as Elon said, we're going to try to even improve on this as we push towards our goals, which are... Elon Musk: (02:10:02) Yeah. So this is just talking about Tesla internal cell production. As I tweeted out earlier, we will continue to use our cell suppliers, Panasonic and LG and CATL. And so this is a hundred gigawatt hours supplemental to what we buy from suppliers. And yeah, essentially, this does reduce our weighted average cost of a sale, but it allows us to make a lot more cars and a lot more stationary storage. And then long-term, we're expecting to make on the order of a 3000 gigawatt hours or three terawatt hours per year. I think we've got a good chance of achieving this actually before 2030, but I'm highly confident that we could do it by 2030. Drew Baglino: (02:10:58) When you look at the size of that factory on the previous page, it really shows how enabling all of these advancements are in achieving a three terawatt hour goal by 2030. And not only is all of that manufacturing innovation fantastic for enabling scale, it's also an additional 18% reduction in dollar per kilowatt hour at the battery pack level. Elon Musk: (02:11:18) But wait, there's more. Drew Baglino: (02:11:19) But wait, there's more. So we have a manufacturing system, we've got a cell design. What are the active materials we're going to put in that cell design? Let's talk about the anode first. Let's talk about silicon. Why is silicon awesome? It's awesome because it's the most abundant element in the Earth's crust after oxygen, which means it's everywhere. It's sand. Elon Musk: (02:11:44) Sand is silicon dioxide. Drew Baglino: (02:11:47) And it happens to store nine times more lithium than graphite, which is the typical anode material in lithium-ion batteries today. So why isn't everybody using it? The main reason is because the challenge with silicon is that it expands four X when fully charged with lithium. And basically all of that expansion stress on the particle, the particles start cracking, they start electrically isolating, you lose capacity. The energy retention of the battery starts to fade. And it also gumps up with a passivation layer that has to keep reforming as the particles expand. Elon Musk: (02:12:19) Yeah. Basically with silicon, the cookie crumbles and gets gooey. That's basically what happens. Drew Baglino: (02:12:24) Good analogy. And current approaches to solve this, which exist, I mean, we have silicon in the cars that you're all in right now, involved highly engineered, expensive materials in the scheme of things. Now they're still great and they enable some of the benefits of silicon. They just don't enable all of it and they're not scalable enough. And you can see some of the things that maybe you've heard of, SIO, silicon with carbon, or silicon nanowires. That's kind of the space right now. What we're proposing is a step change in capability and a step change in cost. And what that really is is to just go to the raw metallurgical silicon itself, don't engineer the base metal, just start with that and design for it to expand in how you think of the particle in the electrode design and how you coat it. Elon Musk: (02:13:14) Yeah. And I'm not sure if you saw this. Basically a dollar per kilowatt hours basically. If you use simple silicon, it's dramatically less than even the silicon that is currently used in the batteries that are made today, and you can use a lot more of it. Drew Baglino: (02:13:29) The anode would cost, yeah, with this silicon, the anode costs a dollar and 20 cents a kilowatt hour. Elon Musk: (02:13:38) Yeah. Drew Baglino: (02:13:41) And how does it work? Start with raw metallurgical silicon, stabilize the surface with an elastic ion conducting polymer coating that is applied through a very scalable approach. No chemical vapor deposition, no highly engineered high capacity, high cap ex solutions, and then integrate it into the electrode through a robust network formed out of a highly elastic binder. And in the end, by leveraging this silicon to its potential, we can increase the range of our vehicles by an additional 20%. Just this improvement. Elon Musk: (02:14:13) Yeah. It gets cheaper and longer range. Okay. Drew Baglino: (02:14:20) Yeah. And when we take that anode cost reduction, we're looking at another 5% dollar per kilowatt hour reduction at the battery pack level. And there's more. Let's talk about cathodes. What is a battery cathode? Cathodes are like bookshelves where the metal, the nickel, the cobalt, the manganese or aluminum is like the shelf, and the lithium is the book. And really what sets apart these different metals is how many books of lithium they can fit on the shelves and how sturdy the shelves are. Cobalt is a- Elon Musk: (02:14:53) Sorry, I was going to say it's tough to exactly figure out what the right analogy is to explain a cathode and anode. But a bookshelf is probably a pretty good one in the sense that you need a stable structure to contain the ions. So you want a structure that does not crumble or get gooey, or basically that that holds its shape in both the cathode and the anode. As you're moving these ions back and forth, it needs to retain its structure. So if it doesn't retain a structure, then you lose cycle life and your battery capacity drops very quickly. Drew Baglino: (02:15:30) Absolutely. Yeah. I totally agree. And I think people are always talking about like, oh, what's the catheter going to be? Is it [NCA 02:15:38] or whatever? The thing to consider is just fundamentally what the nickel, the metals are capable of. And that's what we have on the chart here. Dollar per kilowatt hour cathode of just the metal using just LME, London Metal Exchange prices, versus the energy density of just the cathode. And you can see nickel is the cheapest and the highest energy density. And that's why increasing nickel is a goal of ours and really everybody's in the energy- Drew Baglino: (02:16:03) Why increasing nickel is a goal of ours, and really everybody's in the battery industry. But one of the reasons why cobalt is even used at all is because it is a very stable bookshelf. And the challenge with going to pure nickel is stabilizing that bookshelf with only nickel. And that's what we've been working on with our high nickel cathode development, which has zero cobalt in it, leveraging novel coatings and dopants We can get a 15% reduction in cathode dollar per kilowatt hour. Elon Musk: (02:16:31) Yeah. Big deal. Drew Baglino: (02:16:38) But it's not just about nickel. You want a? Elon Musk: (02:16:41) Yeah. Sure. So in order to scale, we really need to make sure that we're not constrained by total nickel availability. I actually spoke with the CEOs of the biggest mining companies in the world and said, "Please make more nickel, this is very important." And so I think they are going to make more nickel. I think we need to have a kind of a three-tiered approach to batteries. Elon Musk: (02:17:07) So starting with iron, that's kind of like a medium range, and then nickel manganese as sort of a medium plus intermediate and then high nickel for long range applications like Cyber Truck and the semi. Something like a semi-truck, it's extremely important to have high energy density in order to get long range. And just to give sort of iron up a bit more time, if you look at [inaudible 02:17:37] per kilogram at the cathode level of iron, it looks like nickel's twice as good, but when you fully consider it at the pack level, everything else taken into account, nickel is about maybe 50 or 60% better than iron. Elon Musk: (02:17:52) So iron is a little better than it would seem, when you look at it at the pack level fully considered. It's not as good as nickel, nickel's like 50 to 60% better, but it's actually pretty good. Good for stationary storage and for medium range applications where energy density is not paramount. And then, like I said, for intermediate, it's kind of a nickel manganese, and it's a relatively straightforward to do a cathode that's two-thirds nickel one third manganese, which would then allow us to make 50% more cell volume with the same amount of nickel. Drew Baglino: (02:18:32) And with very little energy trade-off. Just enough to have, you still want to use 100% nickel for something like a semi-truck, but really not much of a sacrifice at all. Elon Musk: (02:18:41) Yeah. Drew Baglino: (02:18:44) And beyond the metals, because a lot of people spend time talking about the metals. Actually the cathode process itself is a big target. 35% of the cathode dollar per kilowatt hour is just in transferring it into its final form. And so we see that as a big target. And we decided to take that on. Drew Baglino: (02:19:03) Here's a view of the traditional cathode process. Effectively, if you start at the left and you have the metal from the mine, the first thing that happens is the metal from the mine is changed into an intermediate thing called a metal sulfate, because that just happened to be what chemists wanted a long time ago. And then when you're making the cathode you have to take this intermediate thing called the metal sulfate fate, add chemicals, add a whole bunch of water, a whole bunch of stuff happens in the middle, and at the end you get that little bit of cathode and a whole bunch of wastewater and byproducts. Elon Musk: (02:19:34) It's insanely complicated. It's a small world journey of, "I am a nickel atom, what happens to me?" And it is crazy. You're going around the world three times, there's the moral equivalent of digging the ditch, filling the ditch and digging the ditch again, it's total madness basically. And these things just grew up, they're just kind of like legacy things, it's like how it was done before and then they connected the dots but really didn't think of the whole thing from a first principle standpoint saying, "How do we get from the nickel ore in the ground to the finished nickel product for a battery?" So we've looked at the entire value chain and said, "How can we make this as simple as possible?" Drew Baglino: (02:20:18) And that's what we're proposing here with our process. As you can see, a whole lot less is going on here. We get rid of the intermediate, metal, water, final product cathode, recirculate the water, no wastewater at all. And when you summarize all of that it's a 66% reduction in CapEx investment, a 76 reduction in process costs and zero waste water. Much more scalable solution. Drew Baglino: (02:20:48) And then when you think about the fact that now we're actually just directly consuming the raw metal nickel powder, it dramatically simplifies the metal refining part of the whole process. So we can eliminate billions in battery grade nickel intermediate production. It's not needed at all. And we can also use that same process we showed on the previous page to directly consume the metal powder coming out of recycled electric vehicle and grid storage batteries. So this process enables both simpler mining and simpler recycling. Drew Baglino: (02:21:21) And now that we have this process, obviously we're going to go and start building our own cathode facility in North America and leveraging all of the North American resources that exist for nickel and lithium. And just doing that, just localizing our cathode supply chain and production, we can reduce miles traveled by all the materials that end up in the cathode by 80%, which is huge for cost. Elon Musk: (02:21:45) Yeah. To be clear, cathode production would be part of our the Tesla cell production plant. So it would just be basically raw materials coming from the mine and from raw materials in the mine out comes a battery. Drew Baglino: (02:21:59) And on that note, the way the lithium ends up in the cell is through the cathode. So then we should obviously on-site lithium conversion as well, which is what we will do using a new process that we're going to pioneer. That's a sulfate-free process again, skip the intermediate, 33% reduction in lithium cost, a hundred percent electric facility co-located with the cathode plant. Elon Musk: (02:22:25) So it's important to note that there is a massive amount of lithium on earth. So lithium is not like oil. There's a massive amount of it, pretty much everywhere. In fact is there's enough lithium in the United States to convert the entire United States fleet to electric, all the cars in the United States. Like 300 million or something like that. Every vehicle in the United States can be converted to electric using only lithium that is available in the United States. Drew Baglino: (02:22:55) Discovered today. Elon Musk: (02:22:57) Yeah, what we already know is exist. Drew Baglino: (02:22:58) People really haven't even been looking. Elon Musk: (02:22:59) Yeah, people haven't been trying because it's just widely available. But it is important to say, "Okay, what is the smartest way to take ores and extract the lithium and do so in an environmentally friendly way?" And we actually discovered... Again, looking at it a first principles physics standpoint, instead of just the way it's always been done, is we found that we can actually use table salt, sodium chloride, to basically extract the lithium from the ores. Nobody's done this before, to the best of my knowledge, nobody's done this. And all the elements are reusable, it's a very sustainable way of obtaining lithium. And we actually got rights to a lithium clay deposit in Nevada. Drew Baglino: (02:23:51) Over 10,000 acres. Elon Musk: (02:23:52) Over 10,000 acres. And then the nature of the mining is actually also very environmentally sensitive in that we sort of take a chunk of dirt out of the ground, remove the lithium, and then put the chunk of dirt back where it was. So it will look pretty much the same as before, it will not look like terrible. And yeah, it'll be nice. Drew Baglino: (02:24:13) Simply mix clay with salt, put it in water, salt comes out with the lithium, done. Elon Musk: (02:24:18) Yeah. It's pretty crazy. Drew Baglino: (02:24:19) Yeah. So we're really excited about this and there really is enough lithium in Nevada alone to electrify the entire US fleet. Elon Musk: (02:24:27) Yeah, that's true. Actually, just what's in Nevada. Basically, there's so much damn lithium on Earth it's crazy. It's one of the most common elements on the planet. Drew Baglino: (02:24:39) And eventually, as we said at the beginning, when we get to this steady state 20 terawatt hours per year of production, we will transfer the entire non-renewable fleet of both power plants, home heating and industry heating and vehicles to electric. And at that point, we have an awesome resource in those batteries to recycle, to make new batteries. So we don't need to do any more mining at that point. And you can see why. The difference in the value of the material coming back from the vehicle versus the ground, you'd always go to the vehicle. And we recycle a hundred percent of our vehicle batteries today. And actually, we are starting our pilot full-scale recycling production at Gigafactory Reno next quarter to continue to develop this process as our recycling returns grow. Elon Musk: (02:25:30) To date, it's been done by third parties, but we think we can recycle the batteries more effectively, especially since our batteries, we're making the same battery as the thing we're recycling. Whereas third party recyclers have to consider batteries of all kinds. Drew Baglino: (02:25:46) Yeah. And just to think about what this actually means, the recycling resource is always 10 or greater years delayed because batteries last a really long time, but eventually it is the way that all resources will be made available. And that's why we're investing in this recycling facility in Nevada. Elon Musk: (02:26:04) Yeah. Long-term, new batteries will come from old batteries once the fleet reaches steady state. Drew Baglino: (02:26:11) Right. Okay. So we just talked about scaling cathode and recycling, all of the benefits that you just saw are added to this benefit of a 12% reduction in dollars per kilowatt hour at the battery pack level, almost at our half of the cost goal, but there's one more section. Take it away, Elon. Elon Musk: (02:26:31) So there's an architecture that we've been wanting to do at Tesla for a long time, and we've finally figured it out. And I think it's the way that all electric cars in the future will ultimately be made, it's the right way to do things. Elon Musk: (02:26:52) So it starts with having a single piece casting for the front body and the rear body. And in order to do this, we commissioned the largest casting machine that has ever been made. And it's currently working just over the road at our Fremont plant. It's pretty sweet. Currently making the entire rear section of the car as a single piece, high pressure die-cast aluminum. And in order to do this, we actually had to develop our own alloy because we wanted a high strength casting alloy that did not require coatings or heat treatment. This is a big deal for castings. Especially with a large casting. If you heat treat it afterwards it tends to deform, it kind of does this like potato chip thing. So it's very hard to keep a large casting to have its shape. Elon Musk: (02:27:47) So in order to achieve this, there was no alloy that existed that could do this, so we developed our own alloy, a special allow of aluminum, that has high strength without heat treat and is very castable. So that's a great achievement of our materials team. In fact, in general, we've got a lot of advanced materials coming for Tesla, new alloys and materials that have never existed before. Elon Musk: (02:28:10) So, you're basically making the front and rear of the car is a single piece and that then interfaces to what we call it, the structural battery. Where the battery for the first time will have dual use. The battery will both have the use as an energy device and as structure. This is absolutely the way things are done. In the early days of aircraft they would carry the fuel tanks as cargo. So the fuel tanks actually were quite difficult to carry. They're basically worse than cargo, you had to add to kind of bolt them down. It was very difficult. And then somebody said, "Hey, what if we just make the fuel tank in wing shape?" So all modern airplanes, your wing is just a fuel tank in wing shape. This is absolutely the way to do it. And then the fuel tanks serves this dual structure, and it's no longer cargo. It's fundamental to the structure of the aircraft. This was a major breakthrough. We're doing the same for cars. Elon Musk: (02:29:26) So this is really quite profound. Effectively the non cell portion of the battery has negative mass. So we saved more mass than the rest of the vehicle than the non cell portion of the battery. So it's like, "How do you really minimize the mass of a battery? Make it negative. Make the non cell portion of battery pack negative." So it also allows us to pack the cells more densely because we do not have intermediate structure in the battery pack. So instead of having these supports and stabilizers and stringers and structural elements in the battery, we now have a lot more space in the battery because the pack itself is structural. Elon Musk: (02:30:10) What we do essentially, instead of having just a filler that is a flame retardant, which is currently what is in the 3NY battery packs, we have a filler that is a structural adhesive, as well as flame-retardant. So it effectively glues the cells to the top and bottom sheet. And this allows you to do shear transfer between upper and lower sheet. Just like if you have a formula one craft or a racing boat, and you have carbon fiber face sheets and aluminum honeycomb between them, this gives you incredible stiffness and it's really the way that any super fast thing works is you create basically a honeycomb sandwich with two face sheets. Elon Musk: (02:30:58) This is actually even better than what aircraft do. Because aircraft do not do this. They can't do this because fuel is liquid. So in our case the batteries are solid. So we can actually use the steel shell case of the battery to transfer shear from the upper and lower face sheet, which makes for an incredibly stiff structure, even stiffer than a regular car. In fact, if this was a convertible that had no upper structure, that convertible will be stiffer than a regular car. So it's just really major. Elon Musk: (02:31:38) So it improves the mass efficiency of the battery. And then those castings are also quite important because you want to transfer load into the structural battery pack in a very smooth, continuous way. So you don't put arbitrary point loads into the battery. So you want to sort of feather the load out from the front and rear into the structural battery. It also allows us to move the cells closer to the center of the car, because we don't have the... In the top one we've got all the supports and stuff, so the volumetric efficiency of the structural pack is as much better than a non-structural pack. And we're going to actually bring the cells closer to the center and because they're closer to the center it reduces the probability of a side impact potentially contacting the cells because in any kind of side impact has to go further in order to reach the cells. Elon Musk: (02:32:36) It also proves what's called the polar moment of inertia. Which is if you think of when there's a ice skater arms out or arms in. Arms in, you rotate faster. So if you can bring things closer to the center, you reduce the polar moment of inertia and that means the car maneuvers better. It just feels better. You won't know why, but it just feels more agile. So it's really cool. This is really major. Elon Musk: (02:33:03) Like it says, so 10% mass reduction in the body of the car, 14% range increase, 370 fewer parts. I really think that long-term in any cars that do not take this architecture will not be competitive, Drew Baglino: (02:33:22) And it's not just at the product level, a better product. But in the factory, it's a massive simplification. You saw the part removal, it's casting machines, it's the structural battery pack. So we're looking at over 50% reduction in investment per gigawatt hour, 35% reduction in floor space. And we'll continue to improve that as we make the vehicle factory of the future. Elon Musk: (02:33:45) Yeah. So major improvements on all fronts from the cell all the way to the vehicle. Drew Baglino: (02:33:52) And in addition to the improvements we just said on enabling additional range and improving the structural performance of the vehicle, it is worth another 7% dollar per kilowatt hour reduction at the battery pack level, bring our total reductions now to 56% dollars per kilowatt. Drew Baglino: (02:34:17) All right. So stacking it up. We're not just talking about cost or range. We've got to look at all the facets. So range increase, we're unlocking up to 54% increase in range for our vehicles and energy density for our energy products. 56% reduction in dollars per kilowatt hour at the battery pack level, and a 69% reduction in investment per gigawatt hour, which is the true enabler when we talk back about how do we achieve this scale problem here. Elon Musk: (02:34:47) Yeah. So I think it's pretty nice that investment per gigawatt hour reduction is 69%. I mean, who would have thought? Drew Baglino: (02:34:57) Yeah, just happened to come out that way. Elon Musk: (02:35:03) I mean, 0.420%, of course. So what this enables us to do is achieve a new trajectory in the reduction of cell cost. And now to be clear, it will take us probably a year to 18 months to start realizing these advantages and to fully realize the advantages probably it's about three years or thereabouts. So if we could do this instantly we would, but it just really bodes well for the future and means that the long-term scaling of Tesla and the sustainable energy products that we make will be massively increased. So, what tends to happen as companies get bigger is things tend to slow down, actually they're going to speed up. Drew Baglino: (02:36:00) And they have to speed up if we're going to accelerate the transition to sustainable energy. Elon Musk: (02:36:04) Yeah. Long-term we want to try to replace at least 1% of the total vehicle fleet on Earth, which is about 2 billion vehicles. So long-term, we want to try and make about 20 million vehicles a year. Drew Baglino: (02:36:25) But I think it's important to point out that when we talked about three terawatt hours by 2030, the problem is a 20 terawatt hour problem. So everybody needs to be accelerating their efforts to accomplish these objectives. It doesn't matter where you are in the value chain. There is a ton to do, you need to rethink from first principles how you do it, so that you can scale to meet all of our objectives. Elon Musk: (02:36:47) Yep. Drew Baglino: (02:36:49) And, Elon. Elon Musk: (02:36:50) Sure. Drew Baglino: (02:36:53) What does this mean... Elon Musk: (02:36:55) What does this mean for our future products? So we're confident that long-term we can design and manufacturer a compelling $25,000 electric vehicle. This has always been our dream from the beginning of the company. I even wrote a blog piece about it because our first car was an expensive sports car, then it was a slightly less expensive sedan, and then finally sort of a, I don't know, mass market premium, the Model 3 and Model Y. But it was always our goal to try to make an affordable electric car. And I think probably, like I said, about three years from now, we're confident we can make a very compelling $25,000 electric vehicle that's also fully autonomous. Drew Baglino: (02:37:48) And when you think about the $25,000 price point, you have to consider how much less expensive it is to own an electric vehicle. So actually it becomes even more affordable at that $25,000 price point. Elon Musk: (02:38:02) Yeah. So we have and extreme performance and range. And we should probably talk about, more or less, Plaid. What about that? So, yeah. Anyway, we took the latest Plaid out to Laguna Seco on Sunday, it got a minute 30, and we think probably there's another three seconds or more to take off that time. So we're confident the Model Plaid will achieve the best track time of any production vehicle ever, of any kind, two-door or otherwise. Elon Musk: (02:39:15) And you can order it now. And it's available basically in the next year. And now we'll move to Q&A. Drew Baglino: (02:39:26) Absolutely. Elon Musk: (02:39:27) So we'll invite a few people on stage. Drew Baglino: (02:39:31) Come on up team. Elon Musk: (02:39:32) This is just a small portion of the team, but I thought it'd be great to show you some more of the team and when we do Q&A we can give various people different questions to answer. Drew Baglino: (02:39:49) Sounds great. Actually, I don't know how we're getting the questions. Elon Musk: (02:39:54) Actually, I don't know either. You can maybe get out of the car for two seconds and yell it at us. How are we getting the questions? Speaker 2: (02:40:07) [inaudible 02:40:08]. Drew Baglino: (02:40:09) Oh, there are mics. Wait for the mic. Elon Musk: (02:40:11) Oh, there are mics. Okay, great, great. Drew Baglino: (02:40:14) All right. Elon Musk: (02:40:16) Okay. We'll definitely needs to give people mics cause otherwise there's no way. Sorry? All right. We're going to pass some mics out. Oh, we don't have a name for the $25,000 car yet. Drew Baglino: (02:40:45) That's a great question, though. Speaker 3: (02:40:45) Elon, you talked about in Berlin that you were going to [inaudible 02:40:45] manufacturing [inaudible 02:40:44]. Elon Musk: (02:40:45) Yes, we will be manufacturing cells in Berlin. Yep. Drew Baglino: (02:40:52) Thermal management system? Speaker 4: (02:40:53) [inaudible 02:40:56]. Drew Baglino: (02:40:55) For homes. Elon Musk: (02:40:56) Oh, you mean like the home HVA? Yeah. That's a pet project that I'd love to get going on. I don't know, maybe we'll start working on that next year. Because I just think, man, you could really make a way better home HVAC system that's really quiet and super efficient, super energy efficient, and also has a way better filter for particles. And it works very reliably, and we've already developed that for the car. So the heat pump in the Model Y is really pretty spectacular. It's tiny, it's efficient, it has to last for 15 years, it's got to work in all kinds of conditions from the coldest winter to the hottest summer. So we've actually already done a massive amount of the work necessary for a really kick-ass home HVAC. Elon Musk: (02:41:53) And they could also stack them. So if you want to say, depending upon the size of your house or whatever, how much you need, you can just basically stack them and just have a very compelling, super efficient home HVAC. And then you could also communicate with the car and it'll know when you're coming home. So it's like, "Oh, I don't need to keep the house cold all day, I'll just cool it down because I knew you were coming home." So the pack can communicate with the car and just really dial it into when you actually need cooling and heating. It'll be great. Drew Baglino: (02:42:25) Fun product. Who's next? Eli: (02:42:30) Hello? Hey guys, Eli here from Tesla Owners Club, my Tesla adventure. Just quick question, so I'm a huge fan of car camping in my Tesla with my dream case, my all time favorite activity, is it going to be possible to get climate control to the back of the cyber truck? Because that would be the ultimate camping machine if we can get all night climate control. Elon Musk: (02:42:51) We'll try to do that. Yeah. I agree, that would be really cool. Yeah. Drew Baglino: (02:42:59) All right. Who's next? Speaker 5: (02:43:00) Hello, longtime fan, Elon, great guy. Just a question, how does the ICE industry look like in the future? Elon Musk: (02:43:12) Well, I don't think there will be at ICE industry longterm. Well, I guess there might be like a few things that it's a like curious thing. There's still like some steam engines made somewhere, but they're just basically sort of quirky collector's items. I mean, that will be the future of the internal combustion engine car. Ryan McCaffrey: (02:43:36) Hi, Elon, to your left here in the white Model y. Ryan McCaffrey from the Ride the Lightning Tesla podcast. Curious about cyber truck, it was interesting to see where you had it in on the battery technology front. I'm sort of curious what you see for it in the production front. Trucks are so popular in America, do you see its volume equaling the 3 or the Y in the future? And also, were Tesla's able to legally be sold in Texas as part of the Giga Texas deal? Elon Musk: (02:44:09) Well, it's hard to say what the volume exactly would be for the cyber truck. The orders are gigantic. We have like, I don't know, well over half a million orders, I think maybe six or 600,000. It's a lot, basically, we stopped counting. So I think there's probably room for, I don't know, at least like a unit volume of like 250 to 300,000 a year, maybe more. Now, we are designing the cyber truck to meet the American spec. Because if you try to design a car to meet the super set of all global requirements you can't make the cyber truck, it's impossible. So it really is designed for the American market, but this is the biggest market. Our North American market is the biggest market for pickup trucks by far or large pickup trucks. Elon Musk: (02:44:59) And then I think we'll probably make an international version of cyber truck that'll be kind of smaller, kind of like a tight Wolverine package. It'll still be cooler, but it'll be smaller because you just can't make a giant truck like that for most markets. So, yeah, but it's going to be great. Elon Musk: (02:45:17) And I don't know. I think probably we'll be able to sell directly in Texas. We do pretty well right now, but it is a bit weird not being able to actually conclude a transaction in Texas, but it's got to be like a click on a server based in California. But weirdly we can do leasing in Texas, but not selling. Hopefully that'll get cleared up in the future. Speaker 6: (02:45:42) Elon, great job with everything that you're doing. It's Ross Gerber from Gerber Kawasaki. Your team's amazing. What I'm most curious about, these innovations are incredible but on my drive up here fully on autopilot for 400 miles, the entire state is brown and this is ultimately about climate. Has there been some analysis done if all these things are achieved, what will its direct impact be on climate? Elon Musk: (02:46:10) I think it will have a very significant impact because it will stop the CO2 PPM from growing as it is every year. I should say, I try to view the whole climate thing as a science question as much as possible. Science, you always question your hypothesis, is it true? Is not true? Or assign a probability to a given hypothesis. And I should say that my original interest in electric vehicles predates the climate issue. When I was in high school, I thought, "Man, if we don't figure out electric cars, the whole economy's going to collapse when we run out of oil." So we better figure out electric cars and sustainable energy or civilization's going to crumble. Elon Musk: (02:46:57) And then it was only later that the significance of the climate risk became apparent. And we were also able, using tracking and other types of technology to access a lot more fossil fuels than previously thought, which is helpful for lowering the cost of gasoline, but it's pretty bad for the total tonnage of CO2 that you could put in the atmosphere. It's now greatly beyond what people previously thought. As we were just going through this presentation, it is a absolutely monumental task to accelerate the advent of sustainable energy. The entire global economy is still more than 99% dependent on, or call it roughly 99% dependent on, fossil fuels. So although electric cars get a lot of press right now, as a percentage of the total global fleet it's practically nothing. I would say yes, less than 1% of the global fleet is electric right now. Because of two billion cars and trucks and whatnot in use. So there's a massive amount of work ahead. Just insane, like hard to comprehend how much work is ahead to get the new vehicle production to be sustainable, to massively increase the amount of stationary storage, which is critical because renewable energy is intermittent, wind, and solar is intermittent, sometimes the wind doesn't blow and this obviously sun doesn't shine at night, so you got to have batteries, a massive, massive number of batteries. Drew Baglino: (02:48:44) Yeah, it's hard to measure in direct impact, but it's an experiment that we shouldn't be performing. And the sooner we can end the experiment the sooner we can kind of move on in a fully sustainable way that is actually lower cost. I think the thing that people haven't fully internalized is once we do get to the 25K car, the ownership cost of that car is incredibly lower than the prior car. And then on the solar side and wind, with the cost of solar wind coming down and with batteries coming down with them, the actual cost of energy on the grid is going down. So we're sort of moving towards a sustainable lower cost future. So there's not like a sacrifice. Elon Musk: (02:49:21) That's true. It is a false dichotomy to say that it's either prosperity or sustainability. This is often used by oil and gas to say like, "Oh, well, do you want people to lose their jobs? Do you want to lower people's standards of living? Do you want to make all these economic sacrifices really in order to have sustainability?" And the reality, as Drew was saying, is that sustainable energy is going to be lower cost, not higher cost than fossil fuels. Speaker 7: (02:49:52) Elon, quick question for you, right here in front. First, thanks for having everyone. I was telling a friend, the one company to go work for that's going to have the biggest structural... Speaker 8: (02:50:03) And the one company to go work for, that's going to have the biggest structural impact over the next 10 years at scale, it's probably Tesla. So kudos to everyone at Tesla for what they've done to this point and going forward. The two questions for you, as you've looked at the auto in the storage markets, I know you've talked about it at kind of 50/50 longterm, but it seems like a lot of the battery cost curve achievements that you presented today, really make some of these storage opportunities much more feasible over the next five years. And so I guess the first part of the question is, does your calculus upon learning and improving these things, change on that 50/50 mix, or is there a role where storage becomes bigger? And then the second part of the question, with all these huge grand visions, who's going to be with Tesla from a corporate perspective, accomplishing these things? Obviously, Tesla can't do it alone, but when you look at some of the traditional auto industry or power, et cetera, I don't see a lot of other Tesla's. Elon Musk: (02:50:59) Well actually, there's a lot of companies in China that I think are doing great work with electric vehicles and also with stationary storage, although we don't see that much in the US yet, but I think probably we will in the future. I don't know, obviously we're doing everything we can to encourage other companies to move to sustainable transport and also make stationary storage batteries. We made our patents freely available, we really try to tell these companies, "Hey, you really need to do this, or you won't exist in the future," but they don't believe it. So we've talked until we're blue in the face. What are we supposed to do? But we really are hopeful that other companies will also do what we're doing and that will make a sustainable future come sooner. Drew Baglino: (02:51:53) From a fundamental market size perspective, we did the first ground up work to show the size of the market in terawatt hours and they are roughly 50/50. 10 terawatt hours for transportation, 10 terawatt hours for the grid. And part of that is because the grid batteries, because when you're making a power plant, you're making a large investment, our 25-year assets are greater. If the grid batteries were 10-year kind of things, the grid market would be bigger, but because it's a longer duration asset, they're roughly the same size. Speaker 9: (02:52:31) Thinking long-term, is there any other segments that this new battery will be able to disrupt or electrify, beyond just the initial Model 2 or cheaper sedan? Like a Boring Company loop, plane- Elon Musk: (02:52:44) Where are you? Are you there? Speaker 9: (02:52:45) What's up? Right here. Elon Musk: (02:52:46) Okay, great. It's like ventriloquism here, we just get the sound out of the speaker and can't tell where the heck it's coming from. Speaker 9: (02:52:55) Yeah. Any hints or is the model too such a big deal because it decreases the cost of transportation, that that is really the disruption, or should we get hyped that this new cost curve opens up different vehicle categories, like a high passenger density bus, Boring loop, boat, plane? Elon Musk: (02:53:12) Well, I mean, there are batteries in limited production right now, that do exceed 400 watt hours per kilogram, which I think is about the number you need for a decent range, medium range aircraft. And I think our batteries will, over time, start to approach the 400 watt hours per kilogram range as well. So yeah, I mean, I think over time, we'll see all modes of transport, with the ironic exception of rockets, transition to sustainability or to electric basically. On the rocket front, what we're planning to do is, about 80% of Starship is liquid oxygen and we're actually already running a power line to be able to use wind power to create the liquid oxygen. So we're making some decent progress on sustainability on the rocket front, but there's just no way to have an electric rocket. And it's important for the future of life and consciousness, that we become a multi planet species, so got to keep doing that. Josh Phillips: (02:54:21) Hi Elon, Josh Phillips here, retail investor. I have a question in regards to the lithium and nickel industries and the likely price spikes and shortages of high grade materials the EV industry is likely to see if they don't act fast to address future supply. Tesla have clearly made the right moves that are necessary, but there's a real worry that the potential supply issues and price spikes will create a drag on the rest of the EV industry and therefore a drag on global EV adoption. What advice would you give to the EV and mining industries to quickly solve this looming hurdle? Because for a sustainable energy future, the spice must flow. Thank you. Elon Musk: (02:55:07) Yeah, indeed. The spice must flow. The new spice. I don't know. I'm not sure. I guess we can try to basically overdo it in cell production and perhaps supply cells to others, but we do see the fundamental constraint, as total cell production. That's why we're putting so much effort into making cells and kind of trying to reinvent every aspect of cell production, from mining the ore, to a complete battery pack, because it's the fundamental constraint. We're not getting into the cell business just for the hell of it, it's because it's the fundamental constraint, it's the thing that is the limiting factor for rapid growth. But we could certainly try to overdo it on cell production and perhaps sell cells to others, although we are going at absolute top speed, so it's not like we're holding it back. Elon Musk: (02:56:15) I think just making really efficient cars that have lower drag coefficient, low rolling resistance, efficient powertrains, I mean, that's kind of what we've done in order to make iron phosphate still have a good range. So the iron phosphate's a lower energy density solution, but while there are some limitations on the total amount of nickel produced every year, there's really no limit on the iron. There's so much iron it's ridiculous. So you can really scale up iron phosphate at a raw materials basis, more than you can nickel. Drew Baglino: (02:57:00) And just to point out, when we were walking through this presentation, we intentionally separated all the different aspects. The benefits of structural battery, apply to an iron based cathode in the same way they apply to a nickel based cathode. So you get longer range, iron base vehicles. And also the silicon benefit can apply to the iron based vehicles as well. So we can do a lot to extend the range of an iron based vehicle, which is why it's a key part of the roadmap going forward. And then I invited Turner up here to talk about what the mining industry can do. Turner: (02:57:31) Yeah. Diversification on the cathode side, is obviously massive and EVs are all about efficiency. And so for the EV industry, for the vehicle industry, we need to see powertrain efficiency really increase, all other companies, matching Tesla powertrain efficiency, so that everyone can have that diversified cathode approach, where LFP is used in medium range, and even really make a 300 mile vehicle with LFP. And really the goal that we were trying to present here, was a model for vertical integration, strategic vertical integration, that a lot of different people can do. What we need to see is vertical integration that shortens the process path, from mine to cathode. And what we're doing here is novel and we're trying to push the industry in that direction. So we're presenting a model here that anyone can can follow. Elon Musk: (02:58:27) Yeah. In fact, if there's anything that you guys want to comment on, feel free to step forward and say something. Speaker 10: (02:58:34) I think the key is to be smart about your chemistry choices, your materials choices. Elon Musk: (02:58:38) Talk louder. Speaker 10: (02:58:38) Yeah. If you're smart about your materials choices, the spice will continue to flow. You don't need to use the same kind everywhere. It's about strategically planning it out and for miners, I think we are incentivizing them quite a bit, to ramp up their production. Drew Baglino: (02:58:57) Yeah. And actually we had good calls, they're all motivated. I think, they've been sort of sitting back being like, "Are you going to grow like crazy?" And we're like, "Yeah, we're going to grow like crazy." And then I think this indicates we're going to grow like crazy and that's what the miners want to hear and then they'll go make the investments. Ben Limpic: (02:59:13) Hello, Elon. This is Ben Limpic, I'm a musician. I was wondering, does Tesla have any future plans to make partnerships with music companies, like it has done with Tencent games or things like that, for you guys to actually kind of expand your services for artists and other types of creative people, to get involved in producing content that can be part of the Tesla ecosystem or so other people that do creative things can get involved with you guys? Elon Musk: (02:59:44) We haven't really thought about it that much, but I suppose it's probably something we should think about. We will be providing a title on the Tesla's. So we're providing more music sources that people can choose from and just generally trying to improve the entertainment experience in the cars. And I think actually as we go to a more autonomous future, the importance of entertainment and productivity will become greater and greater. I mean, to the degree that if you're just basically sitting in your car, the car is fully autonomous and driving somewhere, the car is essentially your chauffeur and then the things that become important are, okay, well let's have good entertainment and if you want to do some productivity stuff, then that actually starts to become much more important because you're no longer spending your attention driving the car. So it will be extremely important in the future. Drew Baglino: (03:00:42) Should we do some of the say.com questions? Speaker 11: (03:00:46) Yeah. Drew Baglino: (03:00:47) Okay. Should we do the second one? Elon Musk: (03:00:54) Yeah. The first one, I think we already answered. If we're able to make enough cells, which we'll try to do, we will supply other companies. It's definitely not an intentional effort to keep the cells to ourselves, if we can make enough for other companies, we will supply them. And we were trying to do the right thing for advancing the sustainable energy, whatever that is. Elon Musk: (03:01:19) Vehicle to grid, we get asked that a lot. I think one of the things that's important to note, is vehicle to grid, unless you have a power cutoff, you need to cut off your main supply to the grid, otherwise, if you lose the power in your house, you'll basically just backflow energy to the grid. So just having a reversal in the power flow, does not actually keep the lights on, you need a whole separate system to cut off power to the grid. And I think there's also the case that people really want the freedom to be able to drive and to charge at their house. And it's obviously very problematic if you get to morning and your car, instead of being charged, it discharged into the house and then you're sort of, "Okay, now I can either drive or use the battery to power my house." Elon Musk: (03:02:19) I think it's actually going to be better for people's freedom of action, to have a power wall and a car separate, and then everything works that. You basically combine that with solar, either solar retrofit or solar glass roof, and local battery storage, so you basically become your own utility and then the car can be charged also with solar. I think that's the stuff that works, that said, we can certainly do vehicle to grid, I think we can basically enable that with software in Europe or something, right? Drew Baglino: (03:03:00) Yeah. Future generations of power electronics, we will be able to do this more or less everywhere, from a energy market participation perspective, but from a backing up the house and it just so happens that the way the North American connectors are, on all the cars in North America, it doesn't matter whether it's the Tesla connector or the connector that the other vehicles have, doesn't actually support powering your home. It's unfortunate, so you'd need an additional hardware to do that. But yeah, in the future, all versions of our vehicles will be able to at least do bi-directional power flow for the purposes of energy market participation. But even for that, it's important to remember that your car is in plugged in 24/7, so it's kind of an unpredictable resource for the grid. It'll have a value, but it's not the same as a stationary battery pack. Elon Musk: (03:03:49) Yeah. Honestly, a vehicle to grid sounds good, but I think actually has a much lower utility than people think. I think very few people would actually use vehicle to grid. With the original roadster, we had vehicle to grid capabilities, nobody used it. Drew Baglino: (03:04:15) How do we find the engineers to do everything we're saying? Elon Musk: (03:04:18) How do we find the engineers to do all these things? Well, I guess we recruit a lot of engineers from all parts of the world. I think Tesla has a good reputation for doing exciting engineering and that tends to attract a lot of the top engineers in the world because they know that their efforts at Tesla will really serve the greater good and we're super hardcore about engineering. Tesla is first and foremost an engineering company, it's like hardcore engineering is what we do. The sheer amount of hardcore engineering done at Tesla is insane. And if you look at say, there's various surveys done of engineering schools, where do you want to go, what's your top choices? And actually the top two choices last few years, have been Tesla and SpaceX. So sometimes it's Tesla first and sometimes SpaceX first, but those are the two top ones. Drew Baglino: (03:05:18) Yeah. I mean, if you're motivated to solve some of these problems, which are the hardest problems in the world to solve, that really fundamentally enable the future we all need, please reach out and help us work on these problems. Elon Musk: (03:05:30) Absolutely. And like you said, the battle is far from over. Less than 1% of the global automotive fleet has been converted to electric and even maybe less than 0.1% of stationary storage has been done. So stationary storage has barely begun, converting the global vehicle fleet to electric, has barely begun. So there's still a massive amount of engineering work to be done at Tesla and other companies, to accelerate this transition to sustainability. Jordan: (03:06:06) Hey, can you guys hear me? Drew Baglino: (03:06:07) Yeah. Jordan: (03:06:08) This is Jordan from Mark Asset Management. So you've talked about the importance of the factory and you've mentioned the ground up design process and a lot of the new things that you're going to be doing or started to do in Shanghai, Berlin, and Austin. Can you just maybe help us understand and quantify, how financially meaningful all of those improvements will be, and then given what you're trying to accomplish as a company, is it fair to assume that the vast majority of improvement will be given back to the customer in the form of lower prices? Elon Musk: (03:06:39) Yeah. I mean, I think certainly we will try to give back as much as possible to the customers. It's not like Tesla's profitability is crazy high, our average profitability for last four quarters, is maybe 1%. So just to be clear, it's not like we're minting money. Our evaluation makes it seem like we are, but we're not. So we do want to try to make the price as competitive as we can, without losing money. If you keep losing money, you'll just die. So this thing called profit is just like, we need to bring in more money than we spend, otherwise we're dead. Drew Baglino: (03:07:19) But affordability is key to how we scale, right? The demand goes non-linear as you reduce the price of the car. Elon Musk: (03:07:25) Yeah. I mean, it's important to sort of separate the difference between affordability and value for money or desirability of the product. So for a lot of people, they want to buy a Tesla, they simply don't have enough money. We could make the car infinitely desirable, but if somebody does not have enough money, they can't buy it. Sometimes people kind of forget this. People have to have enough money to buy the car and just making a car super desirable, but expensive, does not mean they can afford it. So it's absolutely critical that we make cars that people can actually afford. Go through some of these things, scroll down or something. Drew Baglino: (03:08:19) When do you expect Tesla vehicles to beat ICE vehicles on initial purchase price? I think a way to answer that question, is in the classes of vehicles we sell today, we're already doing that. Elon Musk: (03:08:30) Yeah. We're already pretty close. And then factoring in total cost of ownership and the fact that electric vehicles require much less servicing and are way cheaper to run, when you look at total cost of ownership. And you can always lease a car, so if you just lease a car or get a loan for a car, you've got your sort of monthly payments and then your cost for either gasoline or electricity and your cost of servicing and the fully considered cost of electric car is much less than a gasoline car of the same nominal purchase price. I mean, that said, maybe on the order of three years, when we can do lower cost, like a $25,000 car, I think that will be basically on par, maybe slightly better than a comparable gasoline car. So I think maybe it's on the order of three years-ish. Drew Baglino: (03:09:37) How have the technology advancements and increased vertical integration of battery manufacturing, influenced your ability to improve the environmental and social impact of the supply chain? And I think ... Yeah. Elon Musk: (03:09:48) We sort of have said that already. Drew Baglino: (03:09:49) Yeah. Elon Musk: (03:09:50) Do we have some ability to scroll through this? Just scroll away. Drew Baglino: (03:09:57) We covered recycling. Elon Musk: (03:09:59) Yeah. Just scroll until we've got stuff that we haven't covered. Drew Baglino: (03:10:02) We definitely covered that top one. Elon Musk: (03:10:09) Yeah, a lot of the things we've already asked really. Drew Baglino: (03:10:16) Covered that. That one. Elon Musk: (03:10:26) We literally just answered that. Drew Baglino: (03:10:27) Yeah. Oh, I saw a cathode durability question. Let's go to that one, go down, go down, go down. Good technical question. Keep going. How are you going to address the cathode durability and cost and environmental impact trifecta? Is this something you're going to leave the environment upstream and supply chain to solve? No, I think we tried to answer that directly. I mean, we really are looking at not just what happens in the cathode facility, but currently outside the cathode facility that should really be inside and removing processes that shouldn't have been there in the first place and the use of reagents that are just costly and not necessary and removing a bunch of wastewater from the process. Elon Musk: (03:11:09) Guys, is there anything you want to add to ... Maybe we can go through everyone and maybe say what you're doing and say a few words. I don't know. Speaker 10: (03:11:21) Sure. I just want to reiterate the fact that this is a massive problem. Elon Musk: (03:11:25) Massive problem. Speaker 10: (03:11:26) And it seems like Tesla's on its way and ahead, but we need everybody's help because it's everybody's planet and we're not going to get to 20 terawatt hours by ourselves. So please think about this carefully, as it affects everybody, so let's get on it. Elon Musk: (03:11:45) Yeah. And obviously, if you care about solving sustainability and doing hardcore engineering, definitely come work for Tesla. Speaker 12: (03:11:53) Yeah. We went through a couple of the manufacturing improvements and it kind of looks easy when you put together a nice slide deck, but it's super challenging. When you take materials out of the process, when you integrate processes together, you have to do a lot of things at once and that's like this immense engineering challenge. And so to appreciate that, to get through this, we need the best engineers we've got. And we've got this awesome team, I just want to shout out also to all of our team watching, you guys are awesome, you absolutely kicked ass putting this together. Drew Baglino: (03:12:36) Thank you. Thank you, Tesla team. Totally agree. Speaker 12: (03:12:44) Yeah. That's it. Rodney Westmoreland: (03:12:47) Yeah. Rodney Westmoreland, managing the construction here at Tesla. What I would like to say is, one, shout out to the team. The team has been working effortlessly, a very, very tough project here, for 24 hours a day it seems like, around the clock, to have this complete. The thing that sets us apart from a lot of other construction, we have a construction company here, the thing that sets us apart is that we're integrated in the manufacturing process. So every detail that comes from Drew's mouth, is directly implicated into the system that we're building. That way, what would typically take three or four months to create a specification, our design team is working right with the manufacturing team, to allow us to speed that process up tremendously. Drew Baglino: (03:13:36) Yeah, it's definitely a important part of the vertically integrated approach, is to be able to design the factory around the equipment, in fact, together with the equipment, so you can build the factory at lower costs and more quickly. Scott: (03:13:50) I'm Scott, I focus on cell design. I think it's hard to put into words how inspiring this is, been at it such a long time with Tesla. And I really hope others do join us- Elon Musk: (03:14:01) Since when Scott? Scott: (03:14:02) Since 2005, with many of you. Thank you. Year before Drew, who's keeping track? But I'm really stoked what the team's been able to accomplish over the last short period of time, about a year, it's been really an incredible transformation. I mean, hopefully what we've shown you, inspires you to join us or join somebody else in the effort. And I couldn't think of a greater, more intelligent, more hardworking team to be working on for this problem. Peter: (03:14:37) I Peter, I lead the manufacturing improvement team. And I guess the point that I'd like to make, is manufacturing improvements is like the accelerator. So you think about the execution that Rodney talked about, in terms of how fast we've been able to put together this factory, which is amazing and something that's been really incredible to be a part of. That's not enough, what we need to do is improve the manufacturing technology, that's the real accelerator and that's what we're really focused on. Elon talks about it all the time, that really going and improving that system is what will enable us to get to the scale and the cost that we need. Peter: (03:15:15) And then the other point that I would make is on the recruiting side, it doesn't matter if you know about batteries, if you come from any industry, you can do something fantastic in the work that we're doing. We talk to people from industries that you wouldn't imagine. Like I talked to a guy who makes golf balls and he has stuff which is really impactful for what we're doing. So if you're in any industry and you want to be impactful here, come join us, it'd be great. Tony: (03:15:45) Hi, excuse me. Hi, I'm Tony. I've been working in lithium and cathode materials for almost 23 years now and this is the most growth I've seen in a company, I've been here a little over a year and a half. We are hiring amazing people that are allowing us to leverage technology that most of the industry is struggling to achieve. So to answer the question, how are we going to do this? We are really advancing the materials manufacturing for cathodes and for lithium, beyond what has been accomplished in the previous 20 years. Drew Baglino: (03:16:26) It's exciting. Turner: (03:16:31) Yeah. My name is Turner, work closely with the team, have worked a lot with everyone here. On the cathode and upstream materials side, it's really important that everyone understand that this growth is coming. This growth is real, we are going to make all of these batteries and everyone needs to grow with us, the entire supply chain needs to grow with us. And if you have an idea that simplifies anything in the supply chain, come talk to us, come work with us and let's do it. Drew Baglino: (03:17:02) Any existing specification is wrong, any existing manufacturing method is wrong, process equipment, it's wrong, it's just a question of how wrong. Quote Elon Musk. Elon Musk: (03:17:12) Exactly. We're wrong, just the question of how wrong. Trying to be less wrong. Drew Baglino: (03:17:16) So tell us how we're wrong and how we can do it better, so that we can accelerate and improve as fast as possible. Elon Musk: (03:17:23) All right. Well, I guess thank you everyone for coming. I hope you liked the presentation. Very exciting future ahead. We're going to work our damnedest to transition the world to sustainable energy as quickly as possible, and your support and help is key to that success. So thanks again, super appreciated and look forward to the next event. Thank you. Drew Baglino: (03:17:45) Thank you.